Hermle 1161-853 Movement Reassembly Guide After Cleaning

Hermle 1161-853 movements disassembled for cleaning present the challenging problem where gear train reassembly becomes difficult without proper documentation after photos are lost or never taken. When clockmakers complete ultrasonic cleaning and pivot inspection only to face plates full of gears with forgotten positions, the absence of exploded diagrams showing actual gear relationships rather than abstract part numbers creates frustrating delays. This common scenario affects both novice and experienced clockmakers who underestimate how similar Hermle gears appear outside their proper positions, particularly when chime and strike fly assemblies with different tooth counts can be installed on wrong trains creating operational problems. This guide covers complete Hermle 1161-853 reassembly from cleaned parts to running movement. You'll learn proper gear train sequencing and which gears install where, identifying chime versus strike fly assemblies by tooth count preventing cross-installation, assembly orientation and whether to work front-plate-down or back-plate-up, cable barrel e-clip replacement and substitute hardware sources, using assembly feet or standoffs preventing minute arbor damage during plate assembly, and preventive photography techniques documenting disassembly for future service. The key to successful reassembly is recognizing that the pair of fly assemblies with fine teeth always installs on the chime side while coarser fly teeth indicate strike train position, and working back-plate-up with adequate standoff height allows front plate lowering without bending the minute hand arbor.

Understanding Hermle 1161-853 Movement Design

Triple-Train Configuration

The Hermle 1161-853 is a cable-driven triple-train movement providing timekeeping, quarter-hour chiming, and hour striking functions. Three separate gear trains operate independently driven by three weight-powered cable barrels. The time train drives the hands and escapement. The chime train powers the Westminster chime sequence. The strike train operates the hour count mechanism.

Each train has its own mainspring barrel, gear reduction system, and governing mechanism. The chime and strike trains include fly governors regulating speed during operation. Warning systems prevent trains from starting at incorrect positions. Locking mechanisms stop trains after completing sequences. This complexity means reassembly requires careful attention to which components belong in which train.

The movement uses modern design elements including plastic components for some levers and bridges. Cable drums rather than chains provide quiet operation and longer service intervals. Modular construction allows individual train service without complete disassembly. However, this modularity also means components can be installed in wrong positions if you don't track original locations during disassembly.

Common Parts Between Trains

Many gears in the 1161-853 appear similar at casual glance. Wheel diameters, arbor lengths, and pivot sizes often match between different trains. This similarity creates confusion during reassembly. You can't rely on "this gear looks like it belongs here" instincts. The gears may physically fit in wrong positions while preventing proper operation.

The critical distinguishing features are tooth counts and gear ratios. Each position requires specific gear ratios creating proper train speeds. Installing gears with wrong tooth counts changes these ratios. The movement may assemble without obvious problems but won't function correctly. Chime sequences run too fast or slow. Strike counts become incorrect. Time train speed changes affecting accuracy.

Some components like bushings, springs, and levers are truly interchangeable between trains. E-clips, washers, and similar hardware install anywhere appropriate sizes fit. However, gears, pinions, and arbor assemblies have specific positions. Don't assume parts are interchangeable just because they appear similar. Verify each component's proper location before installation.

Why Photos Are Essential

Disassembly photos are the single most valuable resource for reassembly. No diagram or manual matches the clarity of your own photos showing exactly how your specific movement was configured. Generic diagrams may show different model variations. Service manuals often use confusing perspective views or low-resolution images. Your photos eliminate ambiguity.

Take photos at every disassembly stage. Photograph the complete movement before removing anything. Take close-ups of each lever system before disturbing components. Document gear positions from multiple angles. Capture how cables route through barrels. Show spring orientations and adjustment positions. These photos become invaluable references during reassembly.

When photos are lost or never taken, reassembly becomes detective work. You must identify each gear's purpose through tooth counts, pivot sizes, and logical train arrangements. This process is possible but time-consuming. Learning proper photography discipline prevents this frustration in future service work. Consider photos as essential as proper tools and cleaning solutions.

Identifying Gear Train Components

Fly Assembly Differences

The most critical identification is distinguishing chime fly assemblies from strike fly assemblies. These components look nearly identical but have different gear tooth counts. The chime fly assembly uses finer teeth - more teeth per inch creating smaller tooth size. The strike fly assembly has coarser teeth - fewer teeth per inch creating larger tooth size.

Installing fly assemblies on wrong trains creates speed problems. A chime train with strike fly gears runs too slowly. Chime sequences drag out becoming annoyingly prolonged. A strike train with chime fly gears runs too fast. Hour counts rush by before the clock can properly sound each strike. Neither configuration works satisfactorily.

Identify assemblies by tooth count if possible. Count teeth on the wheel that meshes with the fly pinion. Compare tooth size and spacing between the two assemblies. The finer-toothed pair always goes on the chime side - typically the right side when viewing from the back. The coarser-toothed pair installs on the strike side - typically the left. Mark assemblies during disassembly preventing mix-ups.

Cable Barrel Orientation

Cable barrels may appear interchangeable but often have specific positions. Some barrels have slightly different arbor lengths or pivot diameters. The barrels may have been positioned during manufacture to balance wear patterns. While swapping barrels between positions usually doesn't prevent operation, maintaining original positions is best practice.

Check arbor lengths if barrels seem different. Measure pivot diameters with calipers. Note any stamped markings or manufacturing differences. If the barrels are truly identical, position doesn't matter. However, if you detect any differences, maintain original locations. This prevents potential binding or alignment problems.

Cable routing through barrels must be correct. The cable enters through the barrel slot, wraps around the arbor, and exits through the opposite slot. The wrapping direction determines weight drop direction. Incorrect cable routing creates binding or prevents proper barrel rotation. Observe cable paths carefully during disassembly documenting how cables thread through each barrel.

Lever and Link Identification

The movement includes multiple levers controlling warning, locking, and lifting functions. These levers may look similar but serve different purposes in different trains. Chime warning levers differ from strike warning levers. Locking levers have specific shapes matching their mating wheels. Installing wrong levers prevents proper train control.

Examine lever profiles carefully. Note hook shapes, bend angles, and contact surfaces. Compare similar-looking levers finding subtle differences. Check spring attachment points - different levers may use different spring tensions or attachment methods. Photograph lever assemblies before removal showing exact positions and orientations.

Links connecting motion work to strike and chime trains have specific configurations. The minute wheel lifting pins engage these links at correct times triggering sequences. Wrong link positions or orientations cause mistimed chiming or striking. The clock may chime at wrong times or strike incorrect counts. Careful documentation of link positions prevents these timing problems.

Assembly Sequence and Orientation

Back Plate Up Method

Most experienced clockmakers assemble Hermle movements with the back plate facing up. This orientation provides several advantages. You can see gear meshing as you lower the front plate. Hand arbors point downward preventing damage during assembly. Weight is properly supported throughout the process. The back-plate-up method is the preferred approach for these movements.

Position the back plate on assembly feet or standoffs. The standoffs must provide adequate height clearance for the minute hand arbor and cannon pinion extending through the front plate. At least two inches of clearance prevents arbor damage. Commercial assembly stands work well. You can also create custom wooden blocks with appropriate heights.

Install gears in the back plate starting with the largest wheels. The great wheels mounting to cable barrel arbors go in first. Add pinions and intermediate wheels working toward smaller components. Install each train's complete gear set before adding the front plate. This allows visual verification of proper gear meshing and positioning.

Front Plate Installation

With all gears positioned in the back plate, carefully lower the front plate onto the gear arbors. Start one corner allowing a few pivots to enter their holes. Check that pivots align with holes - don't force misaligned pivots. Gradually lower the plate working around the perimeter. Each pivot should slide smoothly into its hole without resistance.

Binding during plate assembly indicates misaligned components. Stop lowering the plate. Identify which arbor is binding. Check that the gear below it sits properly in the back plate. Verify the front plate hole isn't obstructed. Sometimes a cleaning brush bristle or lint blocks the hole. Clear any obstructions and try again.

After the front plate seats fully, install mounting screws finger-tight. Don't fully tighten screws yet. Manually rotate each train checking for binding or rough spots. The gears should turn smoothly without tight spots. Flies should spin freely. Any binding indicates problems requiring correction before final tightening. Only when all trains rotate smoothly should you tighten mounting screws fully.

Motion Work Assembly

Motion work includes the minute wheel, hour wheel, and related components on the front of the movement. These parts install after the plates are assembled. The cannon pinion fits on the center arbor extending through the dial plate. The minute wheel meshes with the cannon pinion and hour wheel creating the 12:1 ratio for proper hand motion.

Install the cannon pinion ensuring proper friction fit. It should turn with moderate force - not too loose and not too tight. Too loose allows hand slippage. Too tight prevents hand setting. Adjust cannon pinion friction using proper tools bending the spring collar carefully. Test friction before proceeding with remaining motion work.

The minute wheel and hour wheel install with their own arbors and pivots. These wheels must mesh properly with the cannon pinion and each other. Check clearances ensuring wheels don't rub against the dial plate or each other. Install the motion work bridge securing everything in position. Verify smooth rotation through a complete 12-hour cycle before mounting the dial.

Cable and E-Clip Replacement

Cable Damage Assessment

Cable damage is common in Hermle movements especially after tangling incidents. Frayed cables show individual wire strands separating. Kinked cables have sharp bends that weaken structure. Stretched cables allow weights to hang too low. Any of these conditions requires cable replacement. Don't attempt repairs on damaged cables - replace them completely.

All three cables should be replaced together even if only one shows obvious damage. Cables age at similar rates. If one cable fails, the others are likely near failure. Mismatched cable conditions create uneven winding requirements. New cables provide years of reliable service. The modest cost is worthwhile insurance against future problems.

Attempting to salvage damaged cable by cutting out bad sections and reattaching creates problems. The shortened cable requires more frequent winding. Weight drop distance decreases reducing running time. Cable length mismatches between trains cause confusion during winding. Professional cable sets come pre-sized for the movement providing proper lengths for all three positions.

E-Clip Installation

E-clips secure cable barrel arbors preventing axial movement. These tiny clips fit in grooves machined into arbor ends. Lost e-clips must be replaced with proper sizes. Generic e-clips from hardware stores can work if dimensions match. Measure the arbor diameter and groove width. Select e-clips fitting these dimensions.

Clock supply e-clips are preferable to generic hardware clips. Clock suppliers stock assortments sized for common movements. These clips use proper materials and thicknesses. Generic clips may be too thick binding against plates. They may be too thin allowing excessive play. If you use generic clips, test fit carefully before final installation.

Install e-clips using proper tools. E-clip pliers with internal or external tips grip clips securely during installation. Avoid using screwdrivers or improper tools that can bend or launch clips across the workshop. Position the clip in the pliers. Squeeze gently opening or closing the clip. Slide it onto the arbor guiding it into the groove. Release the pliers allowing the clip to seat. Verify the clip sits fully in the groove without gaps.

Cable Installation Procedure

Install cables with barrels removed from the movement. Thread the cable through the barrel slot. Wrap the cable around the arbor several times. The cable should wind smoothly without overlapping. Exit through the opposite slot. Crimp the end fitting onto the cable using proper crimping tools. Poor crimps allow cables to slip under load causing sudden weight drops.

Some cable ends attach through holes in the arbor rather than crimping to the cable itself. These installations require removing the old cable remnant from the arbor hole. Drill out old cable carefully avoiding arbor damage. Clean the hole thoroughly. Insert the new cable end. Secure it with the appropriate pin or fastener. Test the attachment by pulling firmly on the cable.

Install barrels back in the movement with cables attached. Route cables through pulleys or guides as required by the movement design. Attach weights to cable ends. Verify cables wind onto barrels evenly without climbing or bunching. Wind each barrel several turns manually checking for smooth operation. Cables should wind in single layers without overlapping or crossing. Proper cable routing is essential for long-term reliable operation.

Lever System Installation

Warning Lever Configuration

Warning levers control when strike and chime trains can start. The levers engage warning wheels through pins or projections. During warning run, the train advances to a ready position but remains locked. At the proper moment, the lever releases allowing full train operation. Incorrect warning lever position causes premature or delayed striking and chiming.

Warning levers have specific shapes matching their warning wheels. The lever must clear the wheel during normal operation but engage positively during warning. Check lever geometry against the warning wheel profile. The lever should approach the wheel at the correct angle. Contact surfaces should align properly ensuring reliable engagement without binding.

Spring tension on warning levers affects operation. Too weak and the lever may not engage reliably. Too strong and the lever creates excessive friction. Adjust spring tension using the mounting screw or spring anchor position. Test warning function by manually advancing the minute wheel. The warning should occur several minutes before the hour. The train should remain locked during warning then release precisely at the hour.

Locking Lever Adjustment

Locking levers stop strike and chime trains after sequences complete. These levers drop into count wheel slots or engage locking wheel pins. The lever must engage strongly enough to prevent train overrun but not so deeply that release becomes difficult. Proper locking ensures correct counts without jamming or continuation past proper stopping points.

Check locking lever geometry carefully. The lever tip should match the mating component profile. Square tips engage square slots. Rounded tips match rounded pins. Mismatched profiles create unreliable locking. The lever may slip out allowing train overrun. Or it may jam preventing release requiring manual intervention.

Locking lever spring tension is critical. The spring must hold the lever engaged against train pressure. However, excessive tension prevents proper release when the lifting mechanism operates. Test locking function through complete chime and strike cycles. The trains should stop decisively at correct positions. Release should occur smoothly when the minute wheel lifts the lever at the next sequence start.

Lifting Mechanism Setup

Lifting mechanisms raise warning and locking levers at proper times. The minute wheel has pins engaging lifting levers. These levers connect through links to the warning and locking levers. The geometry of this linkage determines when sequences begin. Incorrect linkage positions cause mistimed chiming or striking.

Lifting pins on the minute wheel position precisely for proper timing. Don't adjust pin positions without careful measurement. The pins lift mechanisms at specific minutes before the hour. Chime warning typically begins 3-4 minutes before the hour. Hour strike warning occurs about 1 minute before the hour. These timings ensure sequences complete at correct moments.

Link lengths and connection points affect lifting action. Longer links provide more leverage but may cause earlier lifting. Shorter links delay lifting but may not provide adequate lever travel. Adjust link lengths only if timing problems can't be corrected through lever position changes. Document original link configurations before making adjustments allowing return to factory settings if changes create problems.

Testing and Troubleshooting

Initial Function Testing

Before installing the movement in the case, test all functions thoroughly. Install weights temporarily. Verify the time train runs with proper beat and amplitude. Test chime sequences through complete Westminster cycles. Check hour striking through a full twelve-hour period. Any problems are easier to address with the movement on the bench than after case installation.

The time train should run smoothly with consistent tick. Pendulum amplitude should be adequate - typically one to two inches each side of center for these movements. Weak amplitude indicates friction or poor escapement adjustment. The clock should maintain time reasonably well during bench testing though final regulation occurs after case installation.

Chime sequences should progress smoothly through the Westminster pattern. The correct number of chimes should sound at each quarter hour. The melody should be recognizable and properly timed. Rushed chiming indicates fly governor problems. Delayed chiming suggests excessive friction. Incorrect chime counts point to count wheel or locking lever issues requiring adjustment.

Common Reassembly Problems

Binding during operation indicates gears installed in wrong positions or improper meshing. The movement may run initially then stop when reaching a tight spot in the rotation. Identify which train is binding. Check gear tooth counts against references. Verify each gear installs in its correct position. Look for bent pivots or damaged pivot holes causing misalignment.

Trains that won't go into warning or lock have lever problems. The warning lever may not engage the warning wheel properly. The locking lever may not reach its mating component. Check lever shapes and positions. Verify spring tensions. Manually operate the levers confirming proper engagement and release. Adjust lever positions or spring tensions as needed.

Incorrect chime or strike sequences result from wrong fly assemblies, gear swaps, or count wheel problems. If chiming is too fast or slow, suspect fly assembly mix-up. The chime train may have the strike fly or vice versa. Wrong intermediate gears change speed ratios creating timing problems. Count wheel position errors cause wrong counts. Verify all components are in correct positions before adjusting individual parts.

Final Adjustments

After confirming basic operation, make fine adjustments for optimal performance. Adjust beat by leveling the movement or changing crutch wire bend. The tick-tock should be evenly spaced. Uneven beat causes unreliable operation and poor timekeeping. Most movements run best perfectly in beat though some tolerate slight beat errors.

Regulate time by adjusting the pendulum rating nut. Turn the nut clockwise to raise the bob speeding the clock. Turn counterclockwise to lower the bob slowing the clock. Small adjustments create significant rate changes. Make quarter-turn adjustments allowing the clock to run 24 hours before further changes. Gradual adjustment prevents overcorrection.

Set striking and chiming to proper synchronization. Advance the minute hand to the hour verifying strike count matches the time. Advance through all twelve hours checking each count. Adjust the hour hand position if counts are consistently off. Check quarter chimes occur at proper intervals. Fine-tune warning timing if sequences finish too early or late. Proper synchronization provides satisfying operation enhancing clock enjoyment.

Preventive Documentation

Photography Best Practices

Develop systematic photography habits for all clock service work. Before touching anything, photograph the complete movement from multiple angles. Take overall views showing the entire movement. Capture close-ups of specific areas you plan to service. These reference photos help verify correct reassembly and identify any missing components.

Document disassembly steps progressively. After removing each component, photograph what remains. This creates a reverse sequence showing reassembly order. Take photos from consistent angles allowing easy comparison between images. Use adequate lighting eliminating shadows obscuring details. Ensure critical areas are in focus - blurry photos provide limited help during reassembly.

Store photos in organized folders labeled by clock and date. Include movement caliber and case information in folder names. Back up photos to multiple locations preventing loss. Cloud storage provides access from anywhere. External drives protect against computer failure. Printed photos offer backup when digital access fails. Comprehensive documentation saves hours during future service preventing frustration and errors.

Note Taking and Labeling

Supplement photos with written notes describing details photos may not show. Note unusual wear patterns, previous repairs, or non-standard components. Record lever positions, spring tensions, and adjustment settings. Describe any problems you encountered during disassembly. These notes help identify recurring issues and guide future service decisions.

Label components during disassembly when necessary. Small zip bags with paper labels work well for gear groups. Write train identification and component descriptions on labels. Keep labeled bags organized preventing mix-ups. This system is especially valuable for movements with many similar-looking parts. The time spent labeling saves frustration during reassembly.

Create a service log for each clock recording work performed and dates. Note what was cleaned, adjusted, or replaced. Record any problems found and solutions implemented. Include parts sources and suppliers. This history helps track maintenance intervals and identifies chronic issues requiring different approaches. The log becomes valuable reference for you and future service providers.

Learning Resources

Build a reference library for movements you service regularly. Collect service manuals, parts diagrams, and technical articles. Online forums provide troubleshooting help and assembly guidance. Save useful forum threads and technical posts. Print important references having paper backups when computers aren't accessible.

Video resources supplement written materials and photos. YouTube and clock repair websites offer disassembly and reassembly videos. Watch videos for movements similar to yours even if not exact matches. The general principles apply across related models. Learning from others' experiences prevents mistakes and reveals techniques improving your work efficiency.

Consider creating your own video documentation. Record disassembly processes for complex movements. Narrate as you work explaining your decisions and observations. These personal videos become invaluable references. They also help track your skill development showing how your techniques evolve with experience. Share useful videos helping others while building the clock repair community knowledge base.

FAQs

How do I identify which fly assembly goes on the chime side versus strike side?

The fly assemblies have different gear tooth counts distinguishing chime from strike applications. The chime fly assembly uses finer teeth - more teeth per inch creating smaller tooth size. The strike fly assembly has coarser teeth - fewer teeth per inch creating larger tooth size. Examine the wheel that meshes with the fly pinion comparing tooth size and spacing between the two assemblies. Count teeth if possible verifying which has higher tooth count. The finer-toothed pair with more teeth always installs on the chime side - typically the right side when viewing from the back of the movement. The coarser-toothed pair with fewer larger teeth goes on the strike side - typically the left. Installing assemblies on wrong sides causes speed problems. Chime sequences run too slowly with strike fly gears. Hour strikes rush by too quickly with chime fly gears. Mark assemblies during disassembly preventing this mix-up during reassembly.

Should I assemble Hermle movements front plate down or back plate up?

Assemble Hermle 1161-853 movements with the back plate facing up. This orientation provides several advantages over front-plate-down assembly. You can see gear meshing as you lower the front plate onto arbors. The minute hand arbor and cannon pinion point downward preventing damage during plate installation. Weight distributes properly throughout assembly. Position the back plate on assembly feet or standoffs providing at least two inches clearance for the minute arbor extending through the front plate. Commercial assembly stands work well. You can also create custom wooden blocks with appropriate height. Install all gears in the back plate starting with cable barrel great wheels and working toward smaller components. Install each train's complete gear set before adding the front plate. Carefully lower the front plate onto gear arbors starting one corner and working around the perimeter. Each pivot should slide smoothly into its hole. Binding indicates misaligned components requiring correction before proceeding.

Can I use hardware store e-clips to replace lost cable barrel clips?

Generic e-clips from hardware stores can work if dimensions match the cable barrel arbor specifications. Measure the arbor diameter and groove width with calipers. Select e-clips fitting these dimensions. However, clock supply e-clips are preferable to generic hardware clips. Clock suppliers stock assortments sized for common movements using proper materials and thicknesses. Generic clips may be too thick causing binding against plates. They may be too thin allowing excessive arbor play. Test fit generic clips carefully before final installation. Install e-clips using proper e-clip pliers with internal or external tips gripping clips securely. Avoid screwdrivers or improper tools that bend or launch clips. Position the clip in pliers, squeeze gently, slide onto the arbor guiding into the groove, then release allowing the clip to seat. Verify the clip sits fully in the groove without gaps preventing arbor movement while allowing free rotation.

What should I do if I lost my disassembly photos?

Without disassembly photos, reassembly becomes detective work identifying each component's proper position. Start by organizing all gears and components by size and type. Separate fly assemblies, intermediate wheels, and great wheels into groups. Identify fly assemblies by tooth count - finer teeth go to chime side, coarser to strike side. Study exploded diagrams available online even if low resolution - they show general gear train layouts and positions. Search for video disassembly tutorials for Hermle 1161-853 or similar movements showing internal arrangements. Join clock repair forums posting photos of your parts asking experienced clockmakers for identification help. Compare your gears to photos of assembled movements online identifying similar components and positions. Work methodically installing one train at a time verifying smooth operation before proceeding. The time-consuming process is possible but frustrating. Learn from this experience developing systematic photography habits for all future clock service preventing this situation from recurring.

Why does my reassembled movement bind or run roughly?

Binding during operation indicates gears installed in wrong positions, improper meshing, or damaged components. Identify which train is binding by isolating each train and testing individually. Check gear tooth counts against references verifying each gear installs in correct position. Look for bent pivots or damaged pivot holes causing misalignment - even slight pivot bends create significant binding problems. Verify pivot holes are clean without lint or brush bristles blocking proper arbor seating. Check that no gears were installed upside-down changing their meshing relationships. Examine arbor end shake ensuring adequate clearance - insufficient end shake causes binding as plates deflect under mainspring tension. Test each train with mainspring removed verifying smooth rotation before installing springs. Rough operation with springs released indicates mechanical problems rather than power issues. Make corrections before proceeding with final assembly and testing. Only when all trains rotate smoothly should you install mainsprings and weights for operational testing.

Should I replace just one damaged cable or all three?

Replace all three cables together even if only one shows obvious damage. Cables age at similar rates through exposure to environmental conditions, oil contamination, and mechanical stress. If one cable fails, the others are likely near failure. Installing one new cable with two old cables creates mismatched conditions. The new cable may be slightly different diameter or stiffness affecting winding behavior. Old cables may fail shortly after the new cable is installed requiring repeated disassembly and service. Mismatched cable conditions create uneven winding requirements confusing owners about proper maintenance intervals. Professional cable sets come pre-sized for the movement providing proper lengths for all three positions ensuring uniform operation. New cables provide years of reliable service. The modest cost is worthwhile insurance against future problems. Document new cable installation date in service logs planning for replacement every 15-20 years or when any cable shows damage regardless of condition of other cables.

How do I know if my Hermle movement needs complete disassembly versus simple cleaning?

Complete disassembly and ultrasonic cleaning is appropriate for movements showing significant oil contamination, pivot wear, or operational problems that simple oiling won't resolve. Indicators requiring disassembly include: dark sticky oil accumulation on plates and pivots, worn pivot holes with excessive play, binding or rough operation during manual rotation, stopping after short running periods, weak or erratic striking and chiming, or previous service more than 10-15 years ago. Simple cleaning and oiling suffices for movements with light surface dust, minimal oil darkening, smooth operation, and recent service history. However, if you've disassembled the movement for any reason, complete ultrasonic cleaning is appropriate since the work is already in progress. The investment in comprehensive service extends the movement's life and prevents premature problems. After cleaning, inspect all pivots under magnification verifying round smooth surfaces. Worn pivots require bushing before reassembly. Attempting to reassemble worn movements without addressing pivot wear results in continued problems requiring repeated service.